Hey! Before you go and give that weighty little example of precious gold jewelry to your selected sweetie, – or, decide to drop the same into one of those nifty little pre-paid postal envelopes you got from ‘takeyourgold.com’, who promises to send you back the big bucks for your mailed-in marvels, why not stop and think about where that stuff came from for a bit. We all know that prospectors, miners, companies, and large and small corporations across the globe, shovel, dredge, crush and sift the Earth with diligence and patience to get this stuff. One of the primary areas of the world where gold has been found in relative abundance is in the western United States.
       How did get gold get into, for example, Oregon anyway? Why and where do Oregon gold deposits exist, and what causes the distribution of man’s most prized and sought after element from the mountains and hilltops, the rivers and streams, and within the layers deep beneath the surface of the Earth? What has gold meant in the telling of Oregon’s rich history, and how did it contribute to the expansion of America’s borders, economy, and social structure? These are big questions, upon which volumes of response are possible, but for this course project I will try to briefly summarize some of the what’s, and the why’s, that concern gold’s significance in Oregon.
       The searches, successes, and failures of gold mining in the western states played a large part in the settlement, economy, and prosperousness of the United States as it set out to fulfill its ‘manifest destiny’, the completion of the goal to expand American territory to the Pacific Coast. Even before their statehoods, the territories that would become the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, became hotbeds for gold mining once the California Gold Rush era began in 1848. Indeed, the majority of land to the west of the Mississippi River has been explored and mined for gold, especially in the states which contain, or are westward of, the Rocky Mountains.
       The territory that would eventually encompass the state of Oregon provides an interesting study of how gold becomes gold and then becomes distributed in its various forms. To examine some of the geologic provinces of Oregon, like the Cascade Range, Klamath Mountains, and the Blue Mountains of Northeastern Oregon, it has been possible to determine how gold came seeping out of the rock and crust of the earth in its varied formations. Gold has been picked up off the ground, crushed and extracted out of billions of tons of earth and rock, and also mined for in deep tunnels in Oregon for over 150 years, and there will likely always be gold for the gettin’. Yes, gold is here now, within and above the stuff we call the ground, the crust, and the earth of Oregon, but gold’s true origins began billions of years ago, far, far away – during the birth-pangs of the Universe itself.
       Like everything, yes everything, on Earth (and yes, even Oregon too), gold was deposited here from massive, supernova-like explosions which expelled gases with all the known chemical elements aboard. The birth of the Universe, called the Big Bang, along with the explosions and collisions of stars, meteors, and other space matter, create the opportunity for these expelled remnants from other bodies to bond together through accretion. As the Earth was being formed, or accredited by the combining of these chemicals, elements, and residual particles, the one’s which would become the precious metals of man, sank deep below the surface of the Earth and became part of the gigantic pool of molten-hot, liquid magma at the Earth’s core. (1)
       There are several theories as to how gold, and other minerals, compounds, and elements, become what they are, but for gold, the most accepted theory states that water, like rainfall, on the surface was heated by volcanoes, molten rock and lava. Then, these waters seeped and pushed downward for several miles into crevices, or openings, on the surface until the water comes into contact with the mineral rich deposits deep in the crust and layers of the earth. As waters reach areas where magma is present, the water becomes superheated and is forced upwards where it melts, or dissolves, minerals and elements from the surrounding rock and strata. This superheated slurry, gold included, then cools as it rises toward the outer crust, where gold is either emplaced into other rocks as an ore, or becomes deposited in the more abundantly gold containing lodes and veins that are associated with gold.
       This whole process is part of the tectonic plate system of movement. The collisions and subductions occurring between the massive plates of the earth’s crust cause some plates to rise up while other plates move downward, and this process, along with the introduction of the upward pushing magma (pushed by pressure up through fissures, cones, openings), creates the terrains, landscapes, mountains, and other geological formations that are the topography of the Earth. In the ocean, tectonic plate movement spreads the sea floor, and the seawater contacts lava, magma, and other up-thrusting matter in faults, pillow lava beds, and fissures on the sea bottom.
       Eventually, the cooling water created the accumulation of minerals as sulfides, and these sulfides, mineral and metal rich, attached to the ophiolitic sequences of the ocean crust. Subduction zones brought these plates inward (and downward and upward) into the greater continental land mass where the process of gold distribution is again affected by the superheated water, pressure and upward moving magma that, again, melts portions of the rock and crust, leaching out gold and other minerals before they are ultimately deposited. Plutonic and Batholith intrusions into the rock of the Earth’s crust, above and below ocean level have also distributed gold and many other precious metals at different terrestrial levels. Upon the surface, as well as, well below, gold has been distributed into the various geologic environments and locations where it has been mined for thousands of years.
       Gold is often found near volcanic mountain range areas, where the interactions described above are best suited for occurring. Massive upheavals of the Earth’s layers, hot magma, and superheated water and sulfide slurries have an outlet that sends material up through the layers beneath the crust and ultimately through to deposit them below and above the Earth’s surface layer. Through erosion and weathering, placer gold: the gold nuggets, flakes, and dusts which break away from host rocks settle, and oftentimes concentrate in low lying areas, stream and river gravels, or in pockets located between rocks and within crevices.
       Gold is found in three primary types of deposits: veins (or lodes), “consolidated placer deposits, and in unconsolidated placer deposits.” (2) In Oregon, as in most locations, placer gold is the primary way in which gold has been extracted and mined, and the larger nuggets are believed to be masses “(almost) exclusively hypogene in origin”, in that they bubbled up and solidified in larger concentrations than other formulations of placer gold. (3) Since placer gold deposits are associated with other minerals and elements that are mined, and estimated “15 percent of the gold produced in the United States” is processed out as a byproduct of the mining for other more abundant minerals, base metals, and ores that are associated with gold depositions.(4)
       In the Klamath geological region, “economic mineral deposits”, as well as the elements of gold, zinc, iron, lead, nickel, platinum, and copper were emplaced, or stuck to, the rocks that make up the surrounding terrain and mountains. Gravels of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods have yielded placer gold in this region, although, the larger veins and lodes of gold found here were part of the massive sulfides depositions that occurred during the formation of the ocean crust and “during plutonic intrusions even before they were raised above sea level by tectonic plate movements.” (5)
       Miners exploring the Shasta Cascade region during the gold rush days in California, worked their way north into the counties of Jackson and Joesephine, along the Klamath and Cascade Mountain ranges in Oregon, exhausting placer gold first, and then searching back to trace the source veins and rocks that yielded the placer gold. These early Oregon gold miners found placer deposits along the Illinois, Rogue River, and Jackson Creek areas, as well as within the rock formations and streambeds of the Galice, Applegate, Greenback, and Gold Hill Districts. About 250,000 ounces of placer gold, or one-half, of the total for placer gold in Jackson County, Oregon was recovered in Applegate mining operations. (6)
       Sluice, dredging, panning, and more mechanized forms of mining methods dominated this and other geologic regions where Oregon gold was mined. Gold ore was crushed out of collected rocks in Arrastras, which were powered by mules, horses, and water. Later, hydraulic oil and gasoline powered motors and engines would also power Arrastras (fig. #12) and various styles of ‘bucket dredges’ (figs. #13, #18, #19.) which were set up near many rivers and streams throughout the gold producing areas. The area, or stip, located from the counties of Shasta and Trinity in Northern California, to the Oregon counties of Jackson and Josephine has produced, to date, some nine million ounces of lode and placer gold. Most of Oregon’s lode gold has been excavated and mined in these two counties. (7)
       In Southern Josephine County, some 218,000 ounces of gold was removed from “gravel terraces” northwest of Takilma in the Waldo District. (8) Of these operations, the Sterling Mine was the most successful in terms of revenue, as operations there have estimated gold production topping three million dollars. Additionally, the Ashland Vein was a primary gold mining operation conducted along a mile long underground tunnel beneath the Ashland District during the years 1886-1939, while, closer to Waldo and the Oregon border, huge sulfide deposits, such as the Turner-Albright sulfide deposit, yielded gold and copper from ocean crust sequences of the Josephine ophiolite, and even in recent years, the search for gold is again in vogue in this area. (9)
       Further North, along the Western Cascades, gold was found in the exposed veins and placer deposits that began during the Miocene epoch, and the mineral rich North Santiam River is one of the most diverse mining regions in the Cascade Range. Five primary operations mined for gold, silver, lead, zinc and copper in this area, starting with the discovery of gold in Sharp’s Creek in 1858. The operating mines in Fall Creek and Bohemia, in Lane County, the Quartzville mine in Lane and Linn Counties, and the mining of the North Santiam River in Clackamas and Marion Counties, was producing gold and other minerals emplaced by intrusive plutons which carried gold and other elements through fissures as they cooled and deposited upon existing formations. (10)
       Along coastal areas, like those of Southern Oregon, minerals and heavy elements were flushed into the area from inland landscapes from Pleistocene rivers and streams. The heavier elements and grains, like gold, were deposited in beach terraces, while the lighter materials in the wash were projected offshore. Gold, garnet, platinum and other minerals were eroded from the Jurassic Galice area rocks and formations by the middle and south forks of the Sixes River. Operations by miners to recover these gold deposits started near the river entrances, but gradually, as these deposits waned, miners traced back the route of the low-lying gold to the surrounding high terraces. These Southern Oregon Coast mining operations produced much lesser amounts of gold than those of the Klamath, Cascade, and Blue Mountain mining areas, and gold production lasted but a few years.
       The Klamath Mountains gold deposits, along with the Blue Mountains range deposits in Northeastern Oregon represent the two primary areas where all of Oregon’s gold has been extracted. Settlers passing through the Blue Mountains area are said to have first discovered gold nuggets lying upon the surface as early as 1845. This area, in the vicinity of the John Day River, became known as the location of the Blue Bucket Mine, though an exact location of the original source of the settlers ‘gold on the ground discovery’ has yet to be determined. But plenty of mining was commenced in this area, especially in Baker and Grant Counties. (11) In an area fifty miles wide and 100 miles long, stretching from Umatilla and Grant counties to the Snake River in Idaho, huge batholiths cooled and intruded “during the late Jurassic and early-Cretaceous periods”, distributing gold and other minerals around the cooling batholiths.
       Settlers and travelers first reported finding nuggets of gold on the ground as they passed through the area around 1845. This area was called the Blue Bucket Mine, even though the exact location, or source, of the original 1845 finds remains unknown. Nearby, in the towns of John Jay and Griffin Gulch, new discoveries brought prospectors, interested settlers, and gold-hungry people from all over into the area, and it has been evidenced that nugget gold was “plentiful” in the river gravels of northeastern Oregon at that time. The Cornucopia gold vein discovered in northeast Baker County, held more than half of Oregon’s total lode gold production from the early years of the first mines until the Cornucopia mines closed in 1941. (12)
       Yes, Oregon ranks behind the big gold producing states of Nevada and California, but much effort and interest is still put into today’s smaller mines, run by companies, prospectors, and hobbyists alike. Gold is fundamental to our history: globally, regionally, and locally. Gold was and is an important part of the western United States's growth and economy, and the discoveries of gold in the Pacific states stimulated massive groups of settlers, businessmen, and politicians to move west. Gold